Crop Management
EFFECT OF BORON FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF BARI SARISHA-18
J.A. CHOWDHURY, M.A.I. SARKER, S.S. KAKON, M.R. KARIM AND M.A.K. MIAN
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy research field of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur; Mohipur char, Gangachara, Rangpur and chalanbeel, Sirajganj during Rabi season of 2023-2024 to find out the appropriate amount of boron fertilizer for higher yield of BARI Sarisha-18. The experiment was comprised of 6 treatments viz. T1= Control (no boron applied); T2=1.5 kg/ha boron; T3=1.75 kg/ha boron; T4=2.0 kg/ha boron; T5=2.25 kg/ha boron and T6= 2.5 kg/ha boron. Results indicated that yield and yield attributes of mustard were significantly influenced by boron application. The effects of boron were significant on number of siliqua/plant, number of seeds/siliqua, seed yield, 1000-seed weight and harvest index (%). The highest number of siliqua/plant (99.33 at Gazipur, 98.93 at Burirhat and 102.67 at Sirajganj), number of seeds/siliqua (37.33 at Gazipur, 31.47 at Burirhat and 37.80 at Sirajganj), and 1000-seed weight (3.62 g at Gazipur, 3.47 g at Burirhat and 3.85 g at Sirajganj) were obtained from the treatment T6 (2.5 kg/ha boron). The highest seed yield (2.16 t/ha at Gazipur, 2.03 t/ha at Burirhat and 2.38 g at Sirajganj) was also found in the treatment T6 (2.5 kg/ha boron) but all those parameters produced the statistically identical data in T5 (2.25 kg/ha boron) Treatment. The seed yield was positively and significantly correlated with the yield contributing characters viz. siliqua/plant, seed/siliqua, and 1000-seed weight, but not with plant height. This result showed that boron had positive influence on reproductive development. Therefore, application of B @ 2.25 kg/ha is a good option to increase yield and yield contributing characters of BARI Sarisha-18.
Introduction
Many countries use mustard as a staple food in their diet. This is because the seed contains many polyphenolic compounds, including vitamins A, C, and E, calcium and iron. Among the oilseed crops, mustard is the major oilseed crop, which covers about 66% of the oilseed production in Bangladesh (BBS, 2023) and the average yield of the crop is very low compared to the yield of many mustard growing countries of the world. The average production of rapeseed-mustard is 739 kg/ha in the country whereas the world average is 1575 kg ha-1 (FAO 2011). There are several reasons that can explain this yield variation, which cover abiotic and biotic factors. Among the biotic and abiotic factors, unavailability of high yielding varieties (Akber et al., 1994) and nutrient deficiency (Varma et al., 2002) are responsible for lower productivity of mustard. The newly released high yielding potential varieties of mustard could not compensate the yield gap possibly due to B deficiency in soil. Apart from major plant nutrients, B plays an important role in the production phenology of mustard, and this crop responds to applied B as reported by Yadav et al. (2016). There are also numerous reports on the positive response of mustard to B fertilization (Islam, 2005 and Saha et al. 2003). Boron (B) is one of the eight essential micronutrients required for the normal growth of the plants. The importance of B as a plant nutrient has grown very rapidly. Boron plays important role in the production of oilseeds which performs many physiological functions such as cell wall synthesis, root elongation, glucose metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis, lignification and tissue differentiation. It is needed for carbohydrate transport as well as cellular-differentiation and development. Thus, B fertilization is necessary for improvement of crop yield as well as nutritional quality. Mustard as a Brassica group generally has a high B requirement (Mengel and Kirkby 1987). Often the farmers do not apply B, as a result the yield and quality of the crop decline. Again BARI developed mustard varieties such as BARI Sarisha-18 more productive and improved than others and also long durated. Therefore, it is necessary to popularize this high yielding variety of mustard with proper fertilizer management for increasing the oil seed production. Justified fertilizers and resource use is crucial to maintain productivity of crops (Sultana et al. 2015; Hossain and Siddique, 2015). For this reason, it may require higher amount of B fertilizer than other variety. Considering the above facts, the present study will be undertaken to find out feasibility and amount of B application for achieving higher grain and oil yield of BARI Sarisha-18.
Materials and Methods
A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy research field of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Mohipur char, Gangachara, Rangpur and chalanbeel, Sirajganj during Rabi season of 2023-2024 to find out the appropriate amount of boron fertilizer for higher yield of BARI Sarisha-18. The experiment comprised of 6 treatments viz. T1= Control (no boron applied); T2=1.5 kg/ha boron; T3=1.75 kg/ha boron; T4=2.0 kg/ha boron; T5=2.25 kg/ha boron and T6= 2.5 kg/ha boron. Soils of Gazipur experimental plots were collected and analyzed. The physical and chemical properties of initial soil of the experimental plot has been presented in Table1.The soil was clay loam with pH 5.90 (slightly acidic), OC 1.44% (very low), total N 0.124% (very low), exchangeable K 0.0121 meq/100g soil (very low), available P 59.27 µg/mg (optimum), available S 31.16 µg/g (optimum), available Zn 0.474 µg/g (low) and available B 0.249 µg/g (very low). Organic carbon, and Zn were under critical level in the soil. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Each replication was divided into six plots where different doses of boron were applied according to treatments. The unit plot size was 4.2 m × 3 m. The soil of experimental plots was fertilized at the rate of 120-36-90-27-3 kg/ha N P K S Zn (FRG 2018) as urea, triple super phosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (MoP), gypsum and zinc sulphate. Boron fertilizer was applied as boric acid according to experimental treatment set up. Half of N and all other fertilizer was applied as basal during final land preparation and rest N was applied as top dress at the time of flower initiation stage (25 days after sowing). Seeds of mustard (BARI Sarisha-18) were sown at the rate of 7 kg/ha after final land preparation. Seeds were continuously sown manually in 30 cm apart rows on 12 November 2023 at Gazipur; 20 November 2023 at Rangpur and 16 November 2023 at Sirajganj and crop was harvested at 25 February 2024 at Gazipur, 28 February 2024 at Rangpur and 3 March 2024 at Sirajganj. Intercultural operations such as weeding, thinning, irrigation, spraying of insecticides and weedicides were done uniformly. Data on dry matter accumulation were measured at different dates with 15 days interval for observing effect on plant growth. For recording dry matter weight, three plants from each replication were sampled at 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 DAS. Different plant parts of the collected samples were separated and then oven dried at 800C for 72 hours. At harvesting stage, randomly 10 sample plants were uprooted from each unit plot to collect data on different yield contributing characters and yield data was recorded by harvesting whole plot area excluding border line. Collected data were analyzed and the means were adjudged by using LSD at 5% level of significance. Cost and return analysis was also done considering local market price of harvested crop. The nutrient status of initial soil of experimental field is given below:
Table 1. Initial soil analytical data of the experimental site of Gazipur
|
Soil depth |
pH |
OC (%) |
Total N (%) |
Exchangeable K (meq/100g soil) |
µg/g soil |
|||
|
Available P |
Available S |
Available Zn |
Available B |
|||||
|
0-15 cm |
5.90 |
1.44 |
0.124 |
0.121 |
59.27 |
31.16 |
0.474 |
0.249 |
|
Interpretation |
- |
VL |
O |
O |
O |
O |
L |
O |
|
Critical level |
- |
- |
0.12 |
0.12 |
7 |
10 |
0.6 |
0.2 |
L= Low, VL= Very low, O= Optimum
Results and Discussion
Total dry matter production
The yield of a crop is mainly determined by the accumulation of TDM and its partitioning in to the economic sink. The pattern of TDM accumulation over time was influenced by different dose of boron only at Gazipur (Fig. 2). The TDM accumulation rate was slower up to 45 DAS then increased rapidly up to 75 DAS and then increased slowly up to harvest. The highest TDM (618.10 g/m2) was obtained from T6 treatment at harvest, when 2.5 kg/ha boron was applied followed by T5 when 2.25 kg/ha boron was applied and it was higher than other treatments throughout the growing period. At earlier growth stage, all treatments produced more or less similar amount of TDM. After 60 DAS dry matter accumulation rate was different. It might be due to different boron dose which actively contribute in grain filling.
Fig.2. TDM accumulation of BARI Sarisha-18 at different days after sowing as influenced by boron fertilizer at Gazipur
Effect of boron on the yield components
Results indicated that yield and yield contributing characters like number of siliqua/plant, number of seeds/siliqua, 1000-seed weight and seed yield were significantly influenced by different dose of boron fertilizer at different locations (Hussain et al. 2012). Number of branches/plant was significantly influenced at Rangpur but not in Gazipur and Sirajganj. However, experimental treatment of boron had no significant effect on plant height (Yadav et al. 2016) (Table 2).
Number of branches/plant: At Rangpur, the highest number of branches /plant (6.20) was found at T6 (2.5 kg/ha boron) treatment which was statistically identical with all boron treated plot and lowest number was found in control (B 0 kg/ha) treatment.
Number of siliqua/plant: The maximum number of siliquae/plant (99.33 at Gazipur, 98.93 at Rangpur and 102.67 at Sirajganj) was produced by T6 (2.5 kg/ha boron) treatment which is statistically similar with T5 (2.25 kg/ha boron) and the minimum number of siliquae/plant (70.33 at Gazipur, 86.50 at Rangpur and 76.33 at Sirajganj) was produced by T1 (no boron applied) (Table 2). The number of siliquae/plant of mustard found higher in presence of available boron in the soil (Chatterjee et al. 1985).
Number of seeds/siliqua: The maximum number of seeds/siliqua (37.33 at Gazipur, 31.47 at Rangpur and 37.80 at Sirajganj) was recorded in T6 (2.5 kg/ha boron) treatment. But the minimum number of seeds/siliqua (28.33 at Gazipur, 25.17 at Rangpur and 29.47 at Sirajganj) was obtained from control treatment (T1) (Table 2). The results revealed that increased rate of boron application give higher number of seeds/siliqua. Yadav et al. (2016) reported that the effect of boron on rape seed formation was good and it significantly increased the seeds/siliqua.
1000-seed weight: Similarly, highest 1000 seed weight (3.62 g at Gazipur, 3.47 g at Rangpur and 3.85 g at Sirajganj) was observed when B applied @ 2.5 kg/ha (T6) (Table 2). The lowest 1000-grain weight (2.87 g at Gazipur, 3.00 g at Rangpur and 2.83 g at Sirajganj) was recorded in control treatment that is statistically similar with where boron is applied @ 2 kg /ha (T2). Hossain et al. (2012) also reported that application of boron gave higher weight of 1000-seed over control.
Table 2: Effect of different levels of boron on yield and yield attributes of BARI Sarisha-18
|
Treatment |
Plant height (cm) |
No. of branches/plant |
No. of siliqua/plant |
No. of seeds/siliqua |
1000 Grain wt. (g) |
Seed yield (t/ha) |
|
Gazipur |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T1 |
130.53 |
4.33 |
70.33 |
28.33 |
2.87 |
1.42 |
|
T2 |
131.93 |
4.53 |
78.07 |
32.67 |
3.20 |
1.61 |
|
T3 |
132.40 |
4.60 |
82.67 |
33.00 |
3.32 |
1.80 |
|
T4 |
134.00 |
4.67 |
85.00 |
35.00 |
3.56 |
1.98 |
|
T5 |
134.40 |
4.73 |
93.40 |
36.00 |
3.58 |
2.14 |
|
T6 |
135.97 |
4.80 |
99.33 |
37.33 |
3.62 |
2.16 |
|
LSD(0.05) |
NS |
NS |
9.11 |
2.81 |
0.38 |
0.26 |
|
CV (%) |
4.01 |
10.05 |
5.90 |
4.58 |
6.22 |
7.62 |
|
Burirhat |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T1 |
109.38 |
4.07 |
86.50 |
25.17 |
3.00 |
1.31 |
|
T2 |
116.35 |
4.87 |
87.30 |
26.87 |
3.10 |
1.52 |
|
T3 |
116.80 |
5.80 |
87.53 |
27.67 |
3.17 |
1.68 |
|
T4 |
122.00 |
5.87 |
91.77 |
29.43 |
3.23 |
1.75 |
|
T5 |
121.20 |
6.13 |
96.37 |
29.83 |
3.33 |
1.98 |
|
T6 |
123.22 |
6.20 |
98.93 |
31.47 |
3.47 |
2.03 |
|
LSD(0.05) |
NS |
1.58 |
8.37 |
2.37 |
NS |
0.37 |
|
CV (%) |
5.17 |
10.21 |
3.23 |
2.95 |
7.33 |
7.78 |
|
Sirajganj |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T1 |
137.67 |
4.20 |
76.33 |
29.47 |
2.83 |
1.51 |
|
T2 |
142.67 |
4.33 |
90.00 |
33.87 |
3.01 |
1.72 |
|
T3 |
146.67 |
4.43 |
92.67 |
35.03 |
3.40 |
1.92 |
|
T4 |
148.67 |
4.57 |
94.00 |
35.57 |
3.54 |
2.10 |
|
T5 |
149.33 |
4.63 |
98.67 |
36.83 |
3.70 |
2.29 |
|
T6 |
151.33 |
4.67 |
102.67 |
37.80 |
3.85 |
2.38 |
|
LSD(0.05) |
NS |
NS |
12.89 |
4.71 |
0.56 |
0.30 |
|
CV (%) |
10.60 |
12.03 |
7.67 |
7.45 |
9.12 |
8.25 |
T1= Control (no boron applied); T2=1.5 kg/ha boron; T3=1.75 kg/ha boron; T4=2.0 kg/ha boron; T5=2.25 kg/ha boron and T6=. 2.5 kg/ha boron
Seed yield (kg/ha): Seed yield was significantly affected by different doses of B (Table 2). The maximum seed yield (2.16 t/ha at Gazipur, 2.03 t/ha at Rangpur and 2.38 g at Sirajganj) was recorded in T6 (2.5 kg/ha boron) (Figure 01). But the lowest seed yield (1.42 t/ha at Gazipur, 1.31 t/ha at Rangpur and 1.51 t/ha at Sirajganj) was found in T1 (no boron applied). The second highest seed yield was found in T5 where B applied @ 2.25 kg/ha boron which was statistically similar with T6 treatment. The increasing rate of B application showed rising trend of seed yield. Some previous result of boron fertilization also showed that increasing rate of boron application produced higher seed yield of mustard (Bora and Hazarika, 1997). The number of silique/plant, number of seeds/siliqua was higher in case of B application compare to other treatments and results in higher seed yield with T6. Considering percent yield increase over control (T1), 1.50 (T2), 1.75 (T3), 2.0 (T4), 2.25 (T5) and 2.50 (T6) kg/ha boron application showed a 13.38, 26.76, 39.43, 50.70, 52.11% at Gazipur; 16.03, 28.24, 33.59, 51 14, 54.96% at Rangpur and 13.91, 27 15, 39.07, 51.66, 57 61% at Sirajganj yield increase respectively, over B control (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: % yield Increase over control
Response function
A positive relationship was observed between boron and yield of BARI Sarisha-18 (Fig. 3). From the equation the optimum dose of boron was calculated to be 2.25 and 2.5 kg/ha (Fig. 2)
Fig. 2: Relation between boron and yield
Harvest index (HI): The highest harvest index (35.57% at Gazipur, 32 38% at Rangpur and 35 96% at Sirajganj) was observed in T5 (Application of boron @ 2.25 kg/ha) (Fig: 4). The minimum harvest index (28.86% at Gazipur, 26.00% at Rangpur and 29.08% at Sirajganj) was found in T1 (Control). Therefore, the results revealed that the highest and lowest harvest index were due to differences in rate of boron application that was in line with the findings of Hussain et al. (2012).
Fig. 3: Harvest Index of mustard with different doses of boron
Conclusion
The yield contributing characters of BARI Sarisha-18 performed well in application of B at different level, and that finally leaded to higher seed yield. The application of B @ 2.25 kg/ha found effective rate in this study. However, 2.5 kg/ha of B was maximum dose in this study and showing increasing trend. Therefore, it is very difficult to precisely recommend this dose as the study was conducted in only one year. Further investigation is necessary to finally conclude the proper application rate of boron for BARI Sarisha-18.
References
Akber, A., M. Mondal, P. Podder and H. Ahmed. 1994. Sarisha Phasholer Chash- A booklet in Bengali. Oilseed Research Centre, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur
B in calcareous soil. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 28, 633-636.
BBS. 2013. Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh. Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Dhaka, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
Chatterjee, B.N., R.K. Ghosh, and P.K. Chakraborty. 1985. Response of mustard to sulphur and micro-nutrients. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 30, 75-78.
Hossain, M.A. and M.N.A. Siddique. 2015. Water-A limiting resource for sustainable agriculture in Bangladesh. EC Agriculture, 1(2), 124-137.
Hussain, M., M.A. Khan, M.B. Khan, M. Farooq, and S. Farooq. 2012. Boron application improves growth, yield and net economic return of rice. Rice Science, 19, 259-262.
Islam, M. B. 2005. Requirement of boron for mustard, wheat, and chickpea based rice cropping patterns. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Soil Sci. Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.
Mengel, K. and E.A. Kirkby. 1987. Principles of Plant Nutrition. International Potash Institute, Switzerland.
Production Year Book. Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations, Ed. FAO, Rome, Italy, 2011.
Saha, P.K., M.A. Saleque, S.K. Zaman and N.I. Bhuiyan. 2003. Response of mustard to S, Zn and B in calcareous soil. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 28(4): 633-636.
Sultana, J., M.N.A. Siddique, and M.R. Abdullah. 2015. Fertilizer recommendation for agriculture: practice, practicalities and adaptation in Bangladesh and Netherlands. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Research, 1(1), 21-40.
Varma, S.C., R.K. Srivastava, S. Rajesh, S.K. Singh, P.K. Bisen and R. Singh. 2002. Effect of varying levels of sulphur and potassium on yield and oil content of Indian mustard (Brassica Juncea). Research on Crops. 3(3): 650-652.
Yadav, S.N., S.K. Singh, and O. Kumar. 2016. Effect of boron on yield attributes, seed yield and oil content of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) on an Inceptisol. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 64, 291-296. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-0228.2016.00041.
YIELD PERFORMANCE OF GARLIC UNDER DIFFERENT INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT AT AEZ-9
M.R. ALI, J. RAHMAN AND M.M. KADIR
Abstract
An experiment was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jamalpur during November 2023 to April 2024 to find out the yield performance of garlic under different integrated nutrient management at AEZ-9. The treatments were; T1= Recommended fertilizer dose (95-35-75-25-3-3 kg/ha NPKSZnB), T2= IPNS with poultry manure (1.5 t/ha), T3= IPNS with poultry manure (3.0 t/ha), T4= IPNS with vermicompost (1.5 t/ha), T5= IPNS with vermicompost (3.0 t/ha), T6= IPNS with FYM (1.5 t/ha), T7= IPNS with FYM (3.0 t/ha). The result indicated that garlic yield was increased due to integrated nutrient management. Significantly the highest yield (9.20 t/ha) was found from IPNS with poultry manure (3.0 t/ha) and the lowest yield (5.89 t/ha) was found from recommended fertilizer dose (95-35-75-25-3-3 kg/ha NPKSZnB) treatment.From the results it may be concluded that IPNS with poultry manure (3.0 t/ha) performed better for garlic cultivation.
Introduction
Garlic is the second spices crop in Bangladesh. The productivity of this crop is quite low which is far less than that of China, Egypt and India. This may be due to its unscientific cultivation particularly nutrient management. The sexual sterility of garlic limits genetic yield potential of garlic varieties. Hence; it is necessary to get maximum yield from available genotypes to meet increasing demand for this crop. It has to be attained by increasing the productivity per unit area through judicious and efficient management of soil, water and fertilizer. Main objective of organic farming is to create a balance between soil organisms, plants, animals and humans. Organic manures are responsible for improving chemical, physical and physiochemical properties of soil. For obtaining higher yield in vegetable crops excessive amounts of inorganic fertilizers are applied (Stewart et al., 2005). The excessive use of chemical fertilizer resulted in deficiency of nutrients other than applied and caused decline in organic carbon in the soil (Singh et al., 2001). Also, use of only inorganic fertilizers is detrimental to human health and the environment (Arisha and Bardisi, 1999). Organic manure is alternative practice to mineral fertilization (Naeem et al., 2006). It helps in improving soil structure (Dauda et al., 2008) and soil biomass (Suresh et al., 2004). Organic manure improves soil structure and water holding capacity, resulting in more extensive root development and enhanced soil micro flora and fauna activity, which results in availability of micronutrients available to plants (Zeidan, 2007). Talware et al., 2012 reported maximum growth and yield in garlic with the application of reduced dose of fertilizers along with the application of FYM and biofertilizers under Gujarat condition. Considering these results challenge is to combine organic manures of different quality with chemical fertilizers to optimize nutrient availability to garlic for better yield and quality of bulb. Keeping this in view, the present investigation was carried out to verify the impact of nutrient management on production and storage of Garlic.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur during Rabi season of 2023-24 to find out the yield performance of garlic under different integrated nutrient management. The treatments were; T1= Recommended fertilizer dose (95-35-75-25-3-3 kg/ha NPKSZnB), T2= IPNS with poultry manure (1.5 t/ha), T3= IPNS with poultry manure (3.0 t/ha), T4= IPNS with vermicompost (1.5 t/ha), T5= IPNS with vermicompost (3.0 t/ha), T6= IPNS with FYM (1.5 t/ha), T7= IPNS with FYM (3.0 t/ha). The treatments were tested in randomized complete block design with 3 dispersed replications. The unit plot size was 3.0 m × 3.0 m and spacing was 15 cm × 10 cm. BARI Rosun-2 was used as test material. Garlic was planted on 10 November 2023 and harvested on 21 March 2024. Fertilizer was applied as per treatment. Fifty percent N was applied as basal at the time of planting and remaining 50% N was applied in two equal splits during 30 and 45 days after planting; full dose of P and K were applied at the time of planting and full dose of S was given fifty days before planting per treatments. Weeding, irrigation and other intercultural operations were done as and when necessary. The yield of garlic was calculated in ton per hectare considering the whole plot at harvest area. Ten plants of garlic from each plot were selected randomly to collect data on yield components. Collected data were analyzed statistically with the help of a computer package program STAR and the means were adjusted by Least Significance Difference (LSD) test at 5% level of significance. Economic analysis was also done considering local market price of harvested crops.
Results and Discussion
Plant height and yield and yield contributing characters of garlic significantly influenced by integrated nutrient management are presented in Table 1. The tallest plant (75.02 cm) was recorded from IPNS with vermicompost (3.0 t/ha) treatment and the shortest (64.97 cm) was recorded from recommended fertilizer dose treatment. The highest single bulb weight (17.46 g) was found from IPNS with 3t/ha poultry manure and the lowest (11.08g) was from recommended fertilizer dose. The highest garlic yield (9.20 t/ha) was recorded from IPNS with 3.0 t/ha poultry manure and the lowest was (5.89 t/ha) was found from recommended fertilizer dose.
Table 1. Yield and yield attributes of garlic under different integrated nutrient management during 2023-24 at RARS, Jamalpur
|
Treatment |
Plant height (cm) |
Single bulb weight (g) |
Bulb length (cm) |
Yield (t/ha) |
|
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 |
64.97 65.35 67.67 70.46 75.02 66.45 66.43 |
11.08 13.63 17.46 14.49 14.89 15.83 16.67 |
3.44 3.35 3.46 3.39 3.49 3.35 3.35 |
5.89 7.94 9.20 7.74 8.37 7.90 8.52 |
|
LSD (0.05) |
0.1560 |
0.0380 |
0.84 |
0.0024 |
|
CV (%) |
6.54 |
13.64 |
4.62 |
8.57 |
Economic performance
Economic analysis of different treatments is presented in Table 2. The highest gross return (Tk. 1104000/ha), gross margin (Tk. 839624/ha) and benefit cost ratio (4.18) were found from IPNS with 3.0 t/ha poultry manure (T3) treatment and the lowest gross return (Tk.706800/ha), gross margin (Tk. 456100/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.82) were found from recommended fertilizer dose (T1) treatment.
Table 2. Cost and return analysis of garlic under different integrated nutrient management during 2023-24
|
Treatment |
Gross return (Tk./ha) |
Total variable cost (Tk./ha) |
Gross margin (Tk./ha) |
Benefit cost ratio (BCR) |
|
T1 |
706800 |
250700 |
456100 |
2.82 |
|
T2 |
952800 |
252376 |
700424 |
3.78 |
|
T3 |
1104000 |
264376 |
839624 |
4.18 |
|
T4 |
928800 |
268845 |
675155 |
3.45 |
|
T5 |
1004400 |
286531 |
717869 |
3.51 |
|
T6 |
948000 |
251615 |
696385 |
3.77 |
|
T7 |
1022400 |
261787 |
760613 |
3.91 |
Note: T1= Recommended fertilizer dose (95-35-75-25-3-3 kg/ha NPKSZnB), T2= IPNS with poultry manure (1.5 t/ha), T3= IPNS with poultry manure (3.0 t/ha), T4= IPNS with vermicompost (1.5 t/ha), T5= IPNS with vermicompost (3.0 T6= IPNS with FYM (1.5 t/ha), T7= IPNS with FYM (3.0 t/ha)
Sell price/kg: Garlic=Tk. 120.00
Conclusion
The results revealed that IPNS with 3.0 t/ha poultry manurewould be optimum ferilizer dose for higher yield of garlic. This is first year trial. Final conclusion may be done after second year trial.
References
Arisha, H.M. and A. Bradisi. 1999. Effect of mineral fertilizers and organic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of potato under sandy soil conditions.
Dauda, S.N., F.A. Ajayi and E. Ndor. 2008. Growth and yield of water melon (Citrullus lanatus) as affected by poultry manure application.
Naeem, M., I. Iqbal and M.A.A. Bakhsh.l 2006.Comparative study of inorganic fertilizers and organic manure son yield and yield component of mungbean (Vigna radiat L.).
Ssnkarachharya, N. B.1974. Symposium on spice industry in India
Singh, M., V.P. Singh and K.S. Reddy. 2001. Effect of integrated use of fertilizer nitrogen and farmyard manure or green manure on transformation N P and S and productivity of rice-wheat system on a vertisols.
Stewart, M.W., W.D. Dibb, E.A. Johnton and I.T. Smyth. 2005. Microbial biomass carbon biomass carbon and microbial activities of soils receiving chemical fertilizers and organic amendments.
Talware, P., N.K. Gupta and S. Dubey. 2012. Effect of organic, inorganic and biofertilizers on growth and productivity of garlic (Allium sativum) cv. G-323.
Zeidan, M.S. 2007. Effect of organic manure and phosphorus fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of lentil plants in sandy soil.
IMPROVEMENT OF LENTIL PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH INCREASING POTASSIUM (K) FERTILIZER
M.R ISLAM
Abstract
An experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ishurdi, Pabna during Rabi season of 2023-2024 to study the effect of K on productivity of lentil under late and optimum sown condition. BARI Masur-8 were grown with five potassium fertilization levels viz., 1) recommended K fertilization (RKF i.e. 20 kg K/ha), 2) RKF + 25?ditional K, 3) RKF + 50?ditional K, 4) RKF + 75?ditional K and 5) RKF + 100?ditional K. The design was split-plot with three replications, where two sowing time viz. i) Nov 15, ii) Dec 15 were allotted in the main plots, and potassium fertilization levels were assigned randomly in the sub-plots. As increase the level of K fertilizer with recommended dose had significantly influenced the relative water content, chlorophyll content, and alleviates the terminal heat stress through accumulation of proline content. However, increase of K at 25, 50, 75 and 100% more with RKF treatment positively influenced the seed yield of lentil, and is also noted that the seed yield increased to 5, 7, 10, 13% in optimum sown condition and 4, 8, 10, 13% in late sown condition, respectively. Results exhibited K fertilizer improves the productivity of lentil both under late and optimum sown condition.
Introduction
Lentil is a very popular pulse crop in Bangladesh. It is generally grown at rainfed condition. Terminal heat stress is occurred due to deficiency of extreme soil moisture and high temperature in late sown lentil which responsible for decreases the pollen viability resulted considerable yield loss. In addition, lentil plant does not tolerant excess soil moisture. During the seedling stage and onwards, if it get moisture foot root as well as wilting become appeared, and thereby plant population drastically reduced which are also correlated the final yield. But, a plant does not maintain the optimum growth, photosynthesis and transpiration under shortage of water availability. So, if we meet up the water requirement by any other way, the yield potentiality could be improved. Potassium is the third macronutrient obligatory for plant growth, physiology and sustainable crop production by stress adaptations (Abbas et al., 2011). The yield reduction of lentil by water shortage can be overcome by rising K supply or more efficient use of K (Sangakkara et al., 2000; Damon and Rengel, 2007). Under water stress condition, K play an important role in osmotic-regulation of plant cell and water uptake along a soil-plant gradient (Glenn and Brown 1998), stimulate root growth resulting higher absorption of nutrient elements and increasing the retention of water in plants (Umar, 2006), Therefore, the study was undertaken to know the effect of K on productivity and quality of lentil under late and optimum sown condition.
Materials and Methods
A field experiment was executed at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ishwardi, Pabna, Bangladesh during Rabi season of 2023-2024 to know the effect of K on productivity of lentil under late and optimum sown condition. The trail was conducted in a split-plot design with three replications. Two sowing time were placed in the main plots as Factor A: viz. i) Nov 15, ii) Dec 15, whereas five potassium fertilization levels were placed randomly in the sub-plots as Factor B: 1) recommended K fertilization (RKF i.e. 20 kg K/ha), 2) RKF + 25?ditional K, 3) RKF + 50?ditional K, 4) RKF + 75?ditional K and 5) RKF + 100?ditional K. The fertilizers were applied @ 21-18-20-10-2 kg/ha of N-P-K-S-B (BARI, 2019) in the form of urea, triple super phosphate, gypsum, and boric acid, respectively. Potassium (K) fertilizer was incorporated in soil as per treatments in the form of muriate of potash. The full amount of N-P-K-S-B was applied during final land preparation. Lentil seeds were sown in continuous seeding maintaining 30 cm line apart row at the seed rate of 40 kg/ha. Plots were kept weed free for whole growing period. No irrigation was done during the crop growing period. Lentil was harvested at 13 -15 March in optimum sown condition, and 20-23 March in late sown condition, respectively. Data on growth, bio-physiological, yield and yield contributing traits were recorded, and analyzed statistically with the help of ‘R’ program. Mean separation was done by LSD at 5% level of significance.
Results and Discussion
Bio-physiological character response in relation to applied different K levels in lentil under late and optimum sown condition
Relative water content (RWC)
Relative water content (RWC) was varied by the incorporated different K levels in lentil under both late and optimum sown condition (Table 1). Higher RWC was obtained in optimum sown (OS) condition than late sown, which was 3%-6?pending on different treatments. Increase K fertilizer with RKF (T2-T5) increase the RWC in both the condition, which was 1-2% in optimum sown, and 3-5% in late sown, respectively.
Total Chlorophyll content
Total chlorophyll (Tchl) content was influenced by the applied different K levels in lentil under both late and optimum sown condition (Table 1). The higher Tchl was obtained in optimum sown condition than late and optimum sown, which was 26%-31?pending on different treatments. Increase K fertilizer with RKF (T2-T5) increase the total chlorophyll content in both the condition, which was 3%, 5%, 8%, and 10% in optimum sown, and 3%, 7%, 15% and 18% in late sown, respectively.
Proline content (mg/g FW)
Proline content demonstrated a significant variation among the applied different K levels in lentil under both late and optimum sown condition (Table 1). The result showed that the proline content significantly increased under late sown condition than optimum sown condition which was 51%-89?pending on different treatments. Data revealed that increasing K fertilizer reduced a considerable amount of proline accumulation under late sown condition. This mean it alleviate the terminal heat stress of lentil. However, application of additional K fertilizer under optimum and late sown condition @ 25, 50, 75and 100 % with RKF significantly reduced the proline content of 2%, 6%, 13%, 14%, respectively and 15%, 25%, 28%, 30% in the treatment T2-T5, respectively.
Table.1 Relative water content (RWC), total Chlorophyll content and Proline content at flowering
Stage of lentil influenced by different level of potassium under optimum and late sown
Conditions
|
Interaction of sowing time and fertilization levels |
RWC (%) |
% decrease over OS |
Total Chlorophyll content (mg/gFW) |
% decrease over OS |
Proline content (mg/ g FW) |
% increase over OS |
|
|
Optimum sowing (OS) |
T1 |
83.65 |
- |
2.77 |
- |
0.63 (0)* |
- |
|
|
T2 |
84.49 |
- |
2.86 |
- |
0.62 (2) |
- |
|
|
T3 |
84.93 |
- |
2.91 |
- |
0.59 (6) |
- |
|
|
T4 |
85.29 |
- |
3.00 |
- |
0.55 (13) |
- |
|
|
T5 |
85.65 |
- |
3.05 |
- |
0.54 (14) |
- |
|
Late sowing (LS) |
T1 |
78.51 |
6.14 |
1.91 |
31.05 |
1.19 (0)* |
88.89 |
|
|
T2 |
80.63 |
4.57 |
1.97 |
31.12 |
1.01 (15) |
62.90 |
|
|
T3 |
81.30 |
4.27 |
2.05 |
29.55 |
0.89 (25) |
50.85 |
|
|
T4 |
82.50 |
3.27 |
2.20 |
26.67 |
0.86 (28) |
56.36 |
|
|
T5 |
82.94 |
3.16 |
2.25 |
26.23 |
0.83 (30) |
53.70 |
|
LSD (0.05) |
|
1.55 |
|
0.34 |
|
0.11 |
|
|
CV (%) |
|
1.08 |
|
7.90 |
|
7.92 |
|
Yield and yield contributing character
The results showed that sowing time, increasing K levels and their interaction influenced the yield contributing traits viz., plant height, pods/plant and 1000-seed weight (Table 2). Late sowing considerably reduced the traits values compared to optimum sowingand the lentil plants that received more K (25%-100%) positively improve the traits performance in both sown condition. Besides, seed yield was also considerably varied due to sowing time, increasing potassium levels and their interaction (Table 2). The maximum seed yield was recorded in optimum sown condition than late and optimum sown, and the difference was 0.91-1.03 t/hadepending on different treatments. However, increase of K at 25, 50, 75 and 100% more with RKF positively influenced the seed yield of lentil, which showed 5, 7, 10, 13% higher yield in optimum sown and 4, 8, 10, 13% higher in late sown condition, respectively. The increase in the seed yield was mainly associated with improves the growth, bio-physiological and yield characters due to applied additional K with RKF.
Table 2. Yield contributing traits of lentil influenced by different level of potassium under optimum and late sown conditions
|
Interaction of sowing time and fertilization levels |
Plant height (cm) |
Pod/ plant (no) |
1000-seed weight (g) |
Seed yield (t/ha) |
Yield difference (t/ha) over OS |
|
|
Optimum sowing (OS) |
T1 |
45.63 |
55.90 |
20.93 |
2.94 |
0.91 |
|
|
T2 |
48.98 |
56.49 |
21.73 |
3.10 |
0.98 |
|
|
T3 |
49.03 |
57.75 |
21.80 |
3.16 |
0.97 |
|
|
T4 |
49.63 |
61.72 |
22.10 |
3.24 |
1.01 |
|
|
T5 |
52.47 |
71.40 |
22.60 |
3.32 |
1.03 |
|
Late sowing (LS) |
T1 |
38.30 |
34.30 |
19.47 |
2.03 |
|
|
|
T2 |
38.90 |
35.21 |
19.53 |
2.12 |
|
|
|
T3 |
41.05 |
35.95 |
20.20 |
2.19 |
|
|
|
T4 |
41.03 |
37.92 |
20.07 |
2.23 |
|
|
|
T5 |
41.88 |
38.68 |
20.37 |
2.29 |
|
|
LSD (0.05) |
|
5.80 |
6.43 |
1.73 |
0.30 |
|
|
CV (%) |
|
7.49 |
7.66 |
4.78 |
6.49 |
|
Where, LS= level of significance; NS=Non-significant at P=0.05; *significant at P=0.05; OS=Optimum sowing; T1= Recommended fertilizer dose (RFD); T2= RFD + 25?ditional K; T3= RFD + 50?ditional K; T4= RFD + 75?ditional K and T5=RFD + 100?ditional K; Values within the parenthesis indicate % increased over RFD
Conclusion
Potassium fertilizer improves the plant water status, chlorophyll content under late sown lentil, and alleviates the terminal heat stress through accumulation of proline content. Consequently, improve the productivity of lentil under late sown condition.
EFFECT OF PLANTING TIME ON YIELD OF ONION AT DINAJPUR
M.M. KHANUM, M.S. Huda, M.Z. ALI AND S.S. KAKON
Abstract
The experiment was carried out at the research field of Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rajbari, Dinajpur during rabi season of 2022-23 and 2023-24 to find out suitable transplanting time for getting higher yield of onion varieties. The experiment consisted of two varieties viz., V1=BARI Piaz-4 and V2=BARI Piaz-6 and four planting time viz, P1=10 DecemberP2=30 December P3=10 January and P4= 30 January.The experiment was laid out in randomized completely block design with three replications. The result revealed that significantly the highest bulb yield (19.41 t/ha) was recorded inV1P1 (10 December planting with BARI Piaz-4) treatment. The maximum gross return (Tk. 679350/ ha) and gross margin (Tk.519100/ ha) and benefit cost ratio (4.23) were recorded from 10December planting with BARI Piaz-4 (V1P1). From the result it might be concluded that BARI Piaz-4 and BARI Piaz-6 with December 10 planting might be suitable combination for maximum yield of onion.
Introduction
Onion (Allium cepa L) is one of the most popular spices in Bangladesh for its pungent bulbs and flavorful leaves. The enhancement of onion production is related to different growth factors. It depends on location of production, variety, nutrient management, agronomic practices like planting time, plant spacing etc. The use of appropriate agronomic practices has an undoubted contribution to increase quantity of quality yield of the crop. Temperature controls the development and the performance of the onion plant in all its growth phases, as described by Coolong and Randle (2003). Transplanting date significantly affected on plant height, percent bolting and bulb yield of onion (Ojha et al., 2019). Onion production is greatly influenced by the transplanting date, which is one of the most important factors that greatly influence the growth and yield of onions. Early planting gives the longest growth cycle (Elkashif et al., 2018).In Dinajpur region, farmers are cultivating onion after harvest of aman rice. So, it takes time for preparation of land, which causes late planting and reduced bulb yield. Recently, it is observed that it can be cultivated under different planting date after receding of water from deep water rice field. It was well-known that very early or too late planting drastically reduced the bulb yield. Information about optimum planting date for onion cultivation is not available. On the other hand, variety is another factor which influence yield. This study was, therefore, undertaken to find out the appropriate transplanting time and variety to get maximum yield of onion.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted at the research field of Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rajbari, Dinajpur during rabi season of 2022-23 and 2023-24. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications with the objectives to find out the suitable variety and optimum seedling transplanting time on the yield of onion bulb. The unit plot size was 4.5 m×3. 0 m and spacing 15cm×10cm were maintained. This experiment comprising: A. Two varieties viz. V1= BARI Piaz-4, V2= BARI Piaz-6 and B. Four planting time viz. P1=10 December, P2=30 December P3=10 January and P4= 30 January. The soil was fertilized with N150P45K60S30 Zn2B2 kg/ ha and cow dung 3 t/ ha (BARC, 18). The entire amount of cowdung, P, S, Zn, B and half of N and K were applied at the time of final land preparation. The remaining N and K were top dressed in equal two splits at 25 and 50 days after planting (DAP) followed by irrigation. The crops were weeded two times at 20 and 35 DAP and loosened the soil one time after the irrigation, while five times sprayed with Rovral 50 WP, Ridomil gold, Amister top 325 SC for controlling purple blotch (Alternaria porri) and leaf burn diseases (Fusarium oxysporum) as well as Tido plus, confidor and Vertimec were done to control thrips and mite. Onions were harvested on several days as per maturity symptoms with dates of transplanting. Yield components of onion were taken from randomly selected 10 plants from each plot. Collected data were analyzed statistically by using R software packages and mean differences for each character were compared by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test (Gomez and Gomez. 1984).Economic performance of the study was also evaluated.
Results and Discussion
Interaction effect of variety and planting date on yield of onion
Plant height at harvest, yield and yield components of onion was significantly influenced by variety and planting dates during Rabi season (Table 1). The tallest plant (56.70 cm) was recorded when crop planted on 10 December with BARI Piaz-4 while the lowest plant was recorded when crop planted on 30 January with BARI Piaz-6. Plant height reduced significantly due to delay sowing after 10 December. While the planting on December 10 with BARI Piaz-4 showed higher number of leaves (9.10) and incidence of bolting (7.5%) and split bulb (11.00%). Similar trend was observed in bulb length (4.83cm), diameter (5.21 cm), individual bulb weight (57.85 g). Significantly the highest bulb yield (19.41 t/ha) was recorded when crop planted on 10December with BARI Piaz-4 (V1P1) might be due to the effect of bulb length, bulb diameter, individual bulb weight. The lowest bulb length (3.08cm), diameter (3.11 cm), individual bulb weight (41.18 g) and yield of bulb (10.28 t/ha) were recorded from 30 January planted with BARI Piaz-6.No incidence of flowering stalks obtained from January 10-30×BARI Piaz-4 and BARI Piaz-6 transplanting might be due to higher temperature prevailing that reduced growth of onion plant.Interaction of varieties and planting dates had significant on plant height, bulb diameter (Alamin et al., 2017). Kandil et al. (2013) observed significant variation among the combination of varieties and date of transplanting on incidence of bolting, percent split bulb, bulb weight and yield of onion.
Table.1. Interaction effect of planting time and variety on yield and yield contributing character of onion (pooled data of 2 years)
|
Variety Time |
Plant height (cm) |
No. of leaves/ plant |
Bolting (%) |
Split bulb (%) |
Bulb length (cm) |
Bulb diameter (cm) |
Individual bulb weight (g) |
Yield (t/ha) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
V1P1 |
56.70 |
9.10 |
7.5 |
11.00 |
4.83 |
5.21 |
57.85 |
19.41 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
V1P2 |
49.85 |
7.53 |
5.87 |
4
Annual Report-2020-21
5
6
Crop management
GROWTH AND YIELD OF SORGHUM AS INFLUENCED BY SPACING AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
A.A. BEGUM, J.A. CHOWDHURY, M.R. KARIM AND D.A. CHOWDHURY
Abstract A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2020-2021to find out optimum fertilizer dose and suitable plant spacing for higher growth and maximum grain yield of sorghum. Three plant spacing viz., S1=60 cm × 10 cm (1,66666 plants/ha), S2=50 cm × 15 cm (1,33333 plants/ha) and S3 =60 cm × 20 cm (1,25000 plants/ha), and four fertilizer doses viz., F1=N120P60K50S27Zn2.8B1.4 kg/ha, F2=F1 + 25% NPK (N150 P75 K63 S27 Zn2.8 B1.4 kg /ha), F3=F1 + 50% NPK (N 180 P 90K 75 S27 Zn 2.8 B 1.4 kg /ha) and F4=Control (Native fertility) were used as treatments in the experiment. Results revealed that, plantspacingand fertilizer levels hasgreat influence on leaf area index (LAI), light interception, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), dry matter production and yield of sorghum. LAI was the highest with the lowest population of 125000 /ha with thehighest fertilizer N 180P 90K 75S27 Zn 2.8 B 1.4 kg /ha (F3).Light interception,chlorophyll content (SPAD value) was the maximum in the same treatment.Plants grown in 40 cm × 20 cm spacing (125000 plants/ha) with N 180 P 90K 75 S27 Zn 2.8 B 1.4 kg /ha (F3) gave the highest grain yield (5.55 t/ha) followed by same spacing 40cm ×20 cm (S3) with N150 P75 K63 S27 Zn2.8 B1.4 kg /ha (F2). Though S3F3 combination gave the maximum gross return (Tk. 110930/ha) but maximum benefit cost ratio (2.16) was recorded in S3F2 treatment. The results indicated that plant spacing of 40 cm × 20 cm with fertilizer dose N180 P90 K75 S27 Zn2.8 B1.4 kg/ha and N150 P75 K63 S27 Zn2.8 B1.4 kg/ha might be suitable for sorghum cultivation.
Introduction Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a minor cereal crop but the importance particularly in the arid and semi-arid lands, where many lives depend on thecrop as a major source of food (Martin, 1970). Sorghum has the advantage of performing relativelywell under stress conditions such as drought and floods (Doggett, 1988). This provides anopportunity to increase production and yield of sorghum where other crops may fail.Food insecurity can be better addressed by increasing sorghum production in marginal areas of barind and char land where majority of the population are starving ormalnourished.Sorghum grain is higher in protein lower in fat content than corn and gluten free.Sorghum bran has greater antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties than well-knownfoods such as blueberries and pomegranates.Fertilizer is the driving force in the crop production system of the modern agriculture. Inorganic fertilizers today hold the key to the successof crop production systems in Bangladesh Agriculture.But there is no fertilizer recommendation for sorghum production in Bangladesh. There are many reasons of the low yield of sorghum. Among the factors of crop production, balanced fertilizer nutrient elements like NPKSZnB etc. is the single most important one that plays a vitalrole in yield increase (Mahmood et al.,2000; 2000 and Randhawa and Arora, 2000; Iqbal et al., 2015). On the other hand, spacing or number of plant population is also important for successful crop production. Plant population and row spacing are important factors for crop establishment technique that affects the crop stand and other yield parameters in different crops. Maintenance of optimum planting density is always a big problem to the farmers. Lower plant density results in higher weed infestation, poor radiation use efficiency and lower yields. On the other hand, dense plant population may cause lodging, poor light penetration in the canopy, reduction of photosynthesis due to shading of lower leaves and seriousyield reduction (Lemerle et al., 2004; Lemerle et al., 2006). Similarly, plant population, on the basis of row spacing affects the crop stand,agronomic plant characteristics and the yield in sorghum crop (McMurray, 2004; McRae et al., 2008).Row spacing affects the crop yield potential (Staggenborg, 1999; Bryant et al., 1986). Reducing the distance between rows improves weed control (Walker & Buchanan, 1982) by increasing crop competition and reducing light transmission to the soil (Andrade et al., 2002). Narrow row spacing resulting in higher yield is explained by the improved light interception (Steiner, 1986) and decreased plant to plant competition between plants (De Bruin & Pederson, 2008). Johnson et al. (2005) reported reduction in total weed density in 30cm apart rows of peanut (Arachis hypogea) as compared to the weed density at greater spacing.Grain sorghum is commonly cultivated in rows with 60 to 75cm spacing, but with the development new production technology and introduction of new herbicides has opened a new window of opportunity to test narrower row spacing for grain production of sorghum. Determining the optimum spacing is essential to get the proper crop stand and maximum yield (Cox, 1996; Widdicombe & Thelen, 2002) of sorghum crop. There is a close relationship between number of plant population and fertilizer dose for crop production. Negative effect can be shown on crop yield if fertilizer is not increasing with increasing plant population (Kakon et al., 2020). Therefore, the appropriate fertilizer input and ideal plant spacing is necessary for getting higher grain yield. Effect of fertilizer and spacing on growth and yield of sorghum is inadequate or sporadic in Bangladesh.Hence, the experiment has been conducted to find out suitable spacing and optimum fertilizer dose for better growth andmaximum grain yield of sorghum.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted at the Research Field of Agronomy Division BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur during rabi season of 2020-2021. The soil of the research area belongs to the Chhihata series under AEZ-28. Soils of the experimental plots were collected and analyzed. The physical and chemical properties of initial soil of the experimental plot has been presented in Table1.The soil was clay loam with pH 6.23, OM 1.29% (very low),total N0.112% (very low),exchangeableK 0.098meq/100g soil (very low), available P 15.23µg/ml (optimum), available S 24.94µg/g (optimum), available Zn 0.654µg/g (low) and available B 0.168 µg/g (very low). Organic matter, N, K and B were under critical level in the soil.Three plant spacing viz., S1=60 cm ×10 cm (1,66666 plants/ha), S2=50 cm ×15 cm (1,33333 plants/ha) and S3 =60 cm ×20 cm (1,25000plants/ha) and four fertilizer doses viz., F1 = F1= RF (120-60-50-27-2.8-1.4 kg/ha of NPKSZnB), F2=F1 + 25% NPK, F3=F1 + 50% NPK and F4=Control (Native fertility) were used in the experiment.There were 12 treatment combinations as follows: S1× F1,S1×F2,S1× F3, S1× F4,S2× F1, S2×F2,S2×F3,S2×F4, S3×F1,S3× F2,S3×F3and S3×F4..The experiment was laid out in a two factor randomized complete block design with three replications. The unit plot size was 8 m × 6 m. Seeds of sorghum (BARI Sorghum-1) were sown on 10 December 2020. Fertilizers were applied as per treatments. One-third of urea and full amount of triple super phosphate (TSP),muriate of potash (MoP), zinc sulphate and boric acid were applied at the time of final land preparation. The remaining urea was side dressed in two equal splits at 30 DAS and 50 DAS and mixed thoroughly with the soil as soon as possible for better utilization. A light irrigation was given after sowing of seeds for uniform germination. Three irrigations were done at 30 and50 DAS and grain development stage. Thinning was done at 20 DAS and weeding at 25 and 45 DAS.Data on growth parameters like leaf area and dry matter accumulation were measured at different dates with 25 days interval. For recording dry matter weight and leaf area, three plants from each replication were sampled at 25, 50, 75, 100DAS and at harvest. Different plant parts of the collected samples were separated and then oven dried at 800C for 72 hours. Leaf area was measured by an automatic leaf area meter (L13100 c, L1COR, USA). Light interception (LI) by the crop was recorded at five times (25, 50, 75 DAS and at harvest) at around 11:30 am to 13:00 pm by SunfleckCeptometer (Model Decagon,Pulman, Washington, USA).Four readings each of PARinc and PARt were recorded at different spots of each plot. The proportion of intercepted PAR (PARint) was calculated using the following equation and expressed in percentage (Ahmed et al., 2010): PARinc – PARt Light interception {PARint (%)} = × 100 PARinc whrer, PARinc= Incident PAR, PARt= Transmitted PAR, PARint= Intercepted PAR
Soil-Plant-Analysis Development (SPAD) Value ofleaf chlorophyll content might be used as anindirect indicator of crop N status. Chlorophyll content measured using a portable SPAD meter (Model SPAD-502, Minolta crop, Ramsey, NJ) at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS. The crop was harvested on 21 April 2021 (133 days after sowing). The yield component data was taken from 5 randomly selected hills from each plot. At harvest, the yield data was recorded plot wise from central 10 m2area.The collected data were analyzed statistically and means were adjudged by LSD test at 5% level of significance using MSTAT-C package.Cost and return analysis was also done considering local market price of harvested crops. The nutrient status of initial soil of experimental field is given below:
Table 1. Initial soil analytical data of the experimental site at Joydebpur, Gazipur
L= Low, VL= Very low, O= Optimum
Results and Discussion Leaf Area Index Leaf area index (LAI) varied as influenced by different plant spacing and fertilizer doses. The LAI gradually increased and reached the peak at 75 DAS and after reached the peak LAI declined up to harvestin all treatments (Fig.1). The reduction of LAI after the peak might be reflecting the loss of some older leaves through senescence. However, the maximum LAI was recorded in S3×F3 (125000 plants/ha × N180P90K75S27Zn2.8B1.4 kg/ha) treatment followed by S3×F2 (125000plants/ha × N150 P75K63S27Zn2.8B1.4 kg/ha) treatment and S2×F3 (133333plants/ha × N180 P90 K75S27Zn2.8B1.4 kg/ha) treatment. Higher LAI indicated better leaf area expansion, which might help in solar radiation interception for more dry matter production. The lowest leaf area index (LAI) was found in S1×F4 followed by S2×F4 and S3×F4 treatments.
Fig.1.LAI of sorghum at different DAS as influenced by spacing and nutrient management.
Total dry matter production The yield of a crop is mainly determined by the accumulation of TDM. The pattern of TDM accumulation in sorghum over time was influenced by different plant spacing and fertilizer doses(Fig.2). The TDM accumulation rate was slower up to 45 DAS then increased rapidly up to 60 DAS and then increased slowly up to harvest. The highest TDM was obtained from S3× F3 (125000 plants/ha × N180 P90 K75S27Zn2.8B1.4 kg/ha) treatmentat harvest followed by S3×F2 (125000 plants/ha×N150 P75K63 S27Zn2.8B1.4 kg/ha) treatment and S2×F3 (133333plants/ha×N180 P90 K75S27Zn2.8B1.4 kg/ha) treatmentand it was higher than other treatments throughout the growing period.Theminimum TDM was observed inS1× F4 (166666plants/ha × native fertility) treatment followed byS2× F4 and S3× F4. Total dry matter reduced in all spacingwith native fertility. Lower spacing (but higher plant to plant distance) with higher fertilizer produced higher dry matter accumulation.It might be due to dense plant population within a row may cause lodging, poor light penetration in the canopy, reduction of photosynthesis due to shading of lower leaves and ultimately the lower dry matter accumulationresulting seriousreduction in the yield (Lemerle et al., 2004; Lemerle et al., 2006). The treatments (lower spacing with higher fertilizer) which gave the higher value in leaf area index (LAI) were performed better in total dry matter production resulting higher grain yield. Similar findings were also reported by Tollenaar, Aguilera, & Nissanka, 1997 and Thakur et al. (1997).
Fig.2.TDM accumulation of sorghum at different DAS as influenced by spacing and nutrient management.
Light Interception (LI) Light Interception varied at different plant spacing and fertilizer doses (Fig. 3). Light interception gradually increased and reached the peak at 75 DAS and after reached the peak LI declined up to harvestin all treatments (Fig.3). The reduction of LI after the peak might be reflecting the loss of some older leaves through senescence.Treatment combination of S3F3 (125000 plants/ha×N180 P90 K75S27Zn2.8B1.4 kg/ha) followed by S3×F2 (125000 plants/ha × N150 P75K63 S27Zn2.8B1.4 kg/ha) was favorable for light penetration to the upper of the canopy, which resulted better LI and the lowest LI was found in S1F4 (166666 plants × Native fertilizer). Higher light intercepted by the plants of the treatment S3F3 was presumably due to larger leaf surface availability for photosynthesis as evident by higher LAI. This indicated that population was the main factor influencing the net radiation absorbed by the plants. It might be due to dense plant population might be caused lodging, poor light penetration in the canopy, reduction of photosynthesis.The maximum light was intercepted at 75 DAS corresponded to higher LAI. The more the LAI, the greater the light interception. These results are in conformity with the findings of several earlier researchers as Pepper (1974) and Amanullah et al.(2010). Fig.3. Light interception of sorghum at different DAS as influenced by spacing and nutrient management.
Chlorophyll content (SPAD value) SPAD value was influenced by plantspacing and fertilizer level (Fig. 4).The leaf greenness which indicated the leaf chlorophyll content was measured by SPAD meter. Maximum SPAD values were observed at 60 DAS which declined progressively reaching the lowest at 90 DAS. The higher SPAD values of sorghum leaves at 60 DAS were probably due to the less sink demand for N from the source (leaf). SPAD value increases with the increase of fertilizer (especiallynitrogen). Conversely, SPAD values gradually decreased after 60 DAS,it might have been due to remobilization of N from leaves to reproductive organs as grain formation was started after 60 DAS. SPAD values increased with the increase of fertilizer levels irrespective of lower population with higher LAI.The highest SPAD value was found in S3F3 (125000 plants/ha×N180 P90 K75S27Zn2.8B1.4 kg/ha) followed by S3×F2 (125000 plants/ha×N150 P75K63 S27Zn2.8B1.4 kg/ha).The lowest SPAD value was found in all spacing with native fertility. Fig.4. SPAD value of sorghum at different DAS as influenced by spacing and nutrient management.
Plant height Plant height of sorghum was significantly influenced by fertilizer doses but not by plant spacing (Table 1). The tallest plant (166.0 cm) was observed when the highest fertilizer dose F3(N180 P90 K75 S27 Zn2.8 B1.4 kg/ha) was applied followed by F2 (N150 P75K63 S27Zn2.8B1.4 kg/ha) and significantly the shortest plant was recorded in F4= Control (Native fertility) treatment.
Table 1. Plant height of sorghum as influenced by fertilizer dose during rabi season of 2020-2021
Note: F1= RF (120-60-50-27-2.8-1.4 kg/ha of NPKSZnB), F2=F1 + 25% NPK, F3=F1 + 50% NPK and F4=Control (Native fertility) Yield component and yield Number of hill//m2, yield components and yield of sorghum were significantly influenced by plant spacing and fertilizer doses (Table 2). The highest number hill//m2 (17.5)was recorded in the treatment combination of S1F3 followed by S1F2 but the highestnumber of panicle/m2 (25.8)was recorded in S3F3 (narrow spacing with higher fertilizer dose) followed by S3F2.It might be due to increase in plant population that decreased the number of panicle/m2. It has also been reported that increased in plant population resulted in decrease in number of tillers (Pawlowski et al., 1993; Caliskan et al., 2007). Similar trend was observed in panicle length, number of grains/panicle, 1000-grain wt. and grain yield. Long panicle had higher number of grains /panicle. The lowest spacing (40 cm × 20 cm) produced the highest 1000-grain weight when the highest dose of fertilizer (N180 P90 K75 S27 Zn2.8 B1.4 kg/ha) was applied.The maximum TDM accumulation due to reducing the distance between rows resulting improved weed control as reported by Walker & Buchanan(1982) by increasing crop competition and reducing light transmission to the soilas reported by Andrade et al. (2002). Finally the highest grain yield was obtained from same treatment combination (Fertilizer dose N180 P90 K75 S27 Zn2.8 B1.4 kg/ha with spacing 40 cm × 20 cm)due tocumulative effect of better yield components followed bysame spacing with N150 P75K63 S27Zn2.8B1.4 kg/ha fertilizer level. Narrow spacing with higher fertilizer received higher light interception which accumulated higher dry matter and translocation of higher TDM to grain.Similarly, narrow row spacing with higher fertilizer produced higher grain yield in sorghum (Patil et al., 2018) and in soybean (De Bruin & Pederson, 2008). On the other hand, the lowest grain yield was observed in S1× F4 combination (wider spacing with native fertility) due to dense plant population within a row might be caused lodging, poor light penetration in the canopy, reduction of photosynthesis due to shading of lower leaves, produced lower dry matter accumulation and serious yieldreduction. These results have been supported by the findings of Hadaet al. (2016); Lemerle et al. (2004); Lemerle et al. (2006).
Table 2.Yield and yield components of sorghum as influenced by interaction effect of spacing and fertilizer during rabi season of 2020-2021
Note: S1=60 cm ×10 cm (166666 plants/ha), S2=50 cm ×15 cm (133333 plants/ha) and S3 =40 cm ×20 cm (125000 plants/ha);F1 = 120- 60- 50- 27-2.8-1.4 kg /ha NPKSZnB (Recommended fertilizer dose), F2 = F1 + 25% NPK and F3 = F1 + 50% NPK, F4= Control (Native fertility)
Cost and return analysis Cost and return analysis is an important tool to evaluate the economic feasibility of crop cultivation. Benefitcost analysis of sorghum production as influenced by spacing and fertilizer dose has been presented in Table 3. Among the treatments, the maximum gross return (Tk.1109300/ha) was observed in S3×F3 treatment followed by S3×F2. The maximum gross margin (Tk.54232/ha)and BCR (2.16) was recorded in S3×F2, narrow spacing (40cm×20cm) with fertilizer level (F1+25% NPK) i.e.(125000 plants/ha×N150 P75 K63 S27 Zn2.8 B1.4 kg/ha). Although treatment S3×F3 gave the maximum gross return but failed to produced maximum BCR due tothe maximum total cost of cultivation (Tk.54307/ha) was recorded in S3F3treatment due to involvement of higher fertilizer costs.
Table 3.Cost and return of sorghum cultivation as influenced by interaction effect of spacing and fertilizer during rabi season of 2020-2021
Price (Tk./kg): sorghum seed:50 and sorghum grain (food and feed): 20 Conclusion It was concluded that spacing (40 cm × 20 cmwith fertilizer doseN180 P90 K75 S27 Zn2.8 B1.4 kg/haand N150 P75 K63 S27 Zn2.8 B1.4 kg/hamight be suitable for sorghum cultivation.This is the result of first year experiment. The experiment needs to be repeated next year for confirming the results.
Reference Andrade, F.H., Calvino, P., Cirilo, A., and Baebieri, P. (2002). Yield responses to narrow row depend on increased radiation interception. Agronomy Journal, 94 (10), 113-118. Bapurayagouda Patil1, Vinod Kumar and M. N. Merwade.2018. Effect of inter row spacing and fertilizer levels on crop growth, seed yield and seed quality of perennial fodder sorghum cv. CoFS-29. Range Mgmt. & Agroforestry 39 (1): 59-64.
Bryant, H.H., Touchto, J.T., and Moore, D.P. (1986). Narrow row and early planting produce top grain sorghum yields. Highlights Agriculture Research Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, 33, Article 5.
Caliskan, S., Aslan, M., Uremis, I., and Caliskan, M.E. (2007). The effect of row spacing on yield and yield component of full season and double cropped soybean. Turk Journal of Agriculture, 31147-31154.
Cox, W.J. (1996). Whole plant physiological and yield responses of maize to plant density.Agronomy Journal, 88, 489-496.
De Bruin, J.L. and Pederson, P. (2008). Effect of row spacing and seeding rate on soybeanyield. Agronomy Journal, 100, 204-210.
HadaNeeraj, V.K. Wasnik, S.S. Bhadauria and K.V. Singh.2016. Influence of balanced nutrition, seed rate and plant geometry on fodder maize in south-eastern Rajasthan. Range Management and Agroforestry. 243-247.
Johnson, WA.,Prostko, E.P., and Mullinix, B.G. (2005). Improving the management of dicot weeds in peanut with narrow row spacings and residual herbicides. Agronomy Journal, 97(1), 85-88.
Kakon, S.S., Chowdhury, J.A., Ali, M.Z. and Saha, R.R. 2020.Productivity of baby corn asinfluencedby planting geometry and fertilizer management. Annual research report 2019-2020.Agronomy Division, BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh. 8-13p.
Lemerle, D., Verbeek, B., and Diffy, S. (2006). Influence of field pea (Pisumsativum) density on grain yield and competitiveness with annual rye grass (Loliumrigidum) in southeastern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 46, 1465-1472.
Lemerle, D., Causens, R.D., Gill, L.S., Peltzer, S.J., Moerkerk, M., Murphy, C.E., Collins, D., and Cullis, B.R. (2004). Reliability of higher seed rates of wheat for increased competitiveness with weeds in low rainfall environment. Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 142, 395-409.
Mahmood, A. S., Sorenson, I. B., and Reid, J. B. 2000. Effect of plant population and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and quality of sweet corn. Agron. J. New Zealand. 28: 1-5.
Pawlowski, F., Jedruszczak, M., and Bojarezyk, M. (1993). Yield of soybean on loens soildepending on row spacing and sowing rate. Field Crop Abstracts, 46(2), 978.
Randhawa, P.Q. and Arora, R. W. 2000. Effect of plant density on the yield of sorghum. Expt. Agric. 36: 379-395.
Staggenborg, S.A. (1999). Grain sorghum response to row spacings and seeding rates in Kansas. Journal of Production Agriculture, 12(3), 390-395.
Steiner, J.L. (1986). Dryland grain sorghum water use, light interception and growth response to planting geometry. Agronomy Journal, 78, 720-726.
Stickler, F.C., and Laude, H.H. (1960). Effect of row spacing and plant population on performance of corn, grain sorghum and forage sorghum. Agronomy Journal, 52, 275-277.
Walker, R.H., and Buchanan, G.A. (1982).Crop manipulation in integrated weed management systems. Weed Science, 30, 17-24.
Widdicombe, W.D., and Thelen, K.D. (2002). Row width and plant density effects on corngrain production in the northern Corn Belt. Agronomy Journal, 94, 1020-1023.
EFFECT OF NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT AND HARVESTING TIME ON RATOONING OF SORGHUM AS FODDER CROP A.A. BEGUM, S. S. KAKON, S. T. JANNAT AND D. A. CHOUDHURY Abstract The experiment was conducted at the Research Field of Agronomy Division BARI, Gazipur during rabi season of 2020-2021and kharifseason of 2021 to find out the optimum fertilizer dose for ratooning of sorghum. Five fertilizer doses viz., F1= N120P60K50kg/ha), F2= N96P48K40kg/ha (80% NPK of F1), F3=N72P36K30kg/ha (50% NPK of F1), F4=N120 kg/ha, F5=Control (Native fertility) and three harvesting times viz., H1=35 days after harvest of grain crop (DAH), H2=40 DAH and H3= 45 DAH were used as treatments in the experiment. Results revealed that, fertilizer dose and harvesting time has influence on leaf area index (LAI), dry matter production (TDM) and green fodder yield of ratoon sorghum. HigherLAI, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), TDM andgreen fodder yield of ratoon sorghum wererecorded when the crop receiving the higher fertilizer like N120P60K50 kg/ha, N96P48K40 kg/ha, N72P36K30 kg/ha and N120 kg/haand harvested at 45 days after harvesting of grain crop.The results indicated that fertilizer dose of N120P60K50 kg/ha, N96P48K40 kg/ha, N72P36K30 kg/ha, N120 kg/hawithharvested at 45 days after harvest of grain cropmight be optimum treatment combination for ratoon sorghum production as fodder crop.
Introduction Now-a-days, cattle production is an important for income generation of the resource poor farmers and to alleviate poverty in Bangladesh. Green fodder can play an important role in rearing milk, meat and draft animals. The shortage of forage crops is about 99% (BBS, 2019) in the country. Rearing of animals is essential for milk production as well as draft power. But it is observed that little care is given to our animals due to shortage of feed. The shortage of animal feed becomes acute during August to November and January to May (OFRD, 1990). There is no scope for the farmers of Bangladesh to use his land for sole fodder production because he has to use his land only for food grain production. However, marginal lands can be used for growing forage crops without affecting areas under food and cash crops. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a dual-purpose crop used for both human food and animal feed in many Asian and African countries (Sarfraz et al. 2012; Bean et al. 2013), with key characteristics being wide adaptability across environments and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses (Krishnamurthy et al. 2007; Dahlberg et al. 2011; Gill et al. 2014). The crop residue is used mainly for feeding livestock by small farmers in the Asian and African continents (Hassan et al. 2015). Owing to very high crude fiber and very low crude protein concentrations, sorghum stover left after harvesting grain does not provide quality fodder for milking cattle (Manjunatha et al. 2014). The contribution of sorghum as a fodder crop it is fast growing, palatable, nutritious and utilized as silage and hay besides fresh feeding. Recently fodder production is a crucial issue in Bangladesh due to expansion of dairy and livestock farming. In this case, sorghum can mitigate the demand because of its high yielding and high energy value produced with lower number of labour than other forage types. The perennial habit of sorghum in a tropical climate permits the production of successive harvest of seed crops from an initial planting. Cultural treatments involving tillage and fertilization to favor such practice are termed ratooning. Generally, in the plant crop and ratoon crops, more tillers, larger leaf area, larger stalks, larger heads with more and heavier grains, and taller plants, and therefore, increased grain and stover yields were produced with higher N dose (Rodolfo and Plucknett, 1977). Forage sorghum can be grazed (young or as deferredfodder), cut fresh, made into hay or ensiled (Pedersen et al., 2000).Sorghum has good ratooning ability from stubble of the plant crop, which is a desirable trait, as it reduces overall inputs in terms of seed for planting and labor for field preparation (Willey, 1990) (Vinutha et al., 2017). Nutrient requirement and source especially of nitrogen is the most important for the growth, fodder yield and quality of kharif sorghum as fodder crops (Yousif, 1993). On the other hand, cutting or harvesting time is important of ratoon sorghum as fodder due to amount and quality depends on harvesting time.However, research on fertilizer management and harvesting time of ratoon crop of sorghum is inadequate in Bangladesh. So, the experiment has been conducted to find out the optimum fertilizerdose and suitable harvesting time for ratooning of sorghum as fodder crop.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted at the Research Field of Agronomy Division BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur during rabi season of 2020-2021kharifseason of 2021. The soil of the research area belongs to the Chhihata series under AEZ-28. The soil was clay loam with pH 6.1. Soil of the experimental plots were collected two times (after harvest of grain sorghum and ratoon sorghum) and analyzed. The physical and chemical properties of experimental soil have been presented in Table1 (after harvest of grain sorghum).The soil of the research area belongs to the Chhihata series under AEZ-28. Soils of the experimental plots were collected and analyzed. The physical and chemical properties of initial soil of the experimental plot has been presented in Table1.The soil was clay loam with pH 6.20, OM 1.20% (very low), total N 0.110% (very low), exchangeable K 0.097 meq/100g soil (very low), available P 14.23µg/ml (optimum), available S 20.94µg/g (optimum), available Zn 0.650µg/g (low) and available B 0.167 µg/g (very low). Organic matter, N, K and B were under critical level in the soil.The 1stor grain crop experiment was laid out in a piece of land with the area of 32 m × 28 m. Seeds of sorghum (BARI Sorghum-1) were sown on 5 December 2020. Sorghum seeds were sown at a spacing of 60 cm between rows and 10 cm between the plants. Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 120-48-75kg/ha of NPK as urea, triple super phosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (MoP) for grain sorghum. One third of N, whole amount of TSP and MoP were applied as basal. Remaining 2/3 N was top dressed at 25 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) of sorghum. A light irrigation was given after sowing of seeds for uniform germination. Two irrigations were done at 30 DAS and 45 DAS. Thinning was done at 10 DAS and weeding at 25 DAS. Main crop was harvested at 144 DAS on 27 April, 2021. At harvest,plantwas cut15 cmabove the ground level to facilitate regeneration forratooning of sorghum as fodder purpose. After harvesting of the main or grain crop, ratooningexperiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The unit plot size was 5 m × 3 m.Five fertilizer doses viz., F1= N120P60K50kg/ha), F2= N96P48K40kg/ha (80% NPK of F1), F3=N72P36K30kg/ha (50% NPK of F1), F4=N120 kg/ha and F5=Control (Native fertility),and three harvesting times viz., H1=35 days after harvest of 1st crop (DAH), H2=40 DAH and H3= 45 DAH were used in the experiment.One-third of urea and full amount of TSP and MoP were applied just after harvesting of 1st or grain crop. The remaining urea was side dressed in two equal splits at 15 DAH and 25 DAH.The fodder was harvested as per time of cutting treatment. For recording dry matter weight and leaf area, three plants from each replication were sampled at harvestfor analysis to determine the quality of ratoon sorghum as a fodder crop. Dry weight of the samples was taken after drying at 80°C in an oven for 72 hours. Soil-Plant-Analysis Development (SPAD) value of leaf chlorophyll content might be used as an indirect indicator of crop N status. Chlorophyll content measured using a portable SPAD meter (Model SPAD-502, Minolta crop, Ramsey, NJ) at all harvesting times (35, 40 and 45 DAH). Green biomass weight of fodderwas recorded plot wiseimmediately after harvest. The collected data of the experiment were analyzed statistically and the means were compared using LSD test at 5% level of significance.
Table1. Initial (after harvest of main crop) soil analytical data of the experimental site at Joydebpur, Gazipur
L= Low, VL= Very low, O= Optimum
Results and Discussion
Yield components and yield of grain sorghum Plant height, yield and yield components like panicle length, number of grain/ panicle, 1000- grain weight of grain sorghum has been presented in Table 2.Plant height was (161.50cm), panicle number/hill (1.50), panicle length (18.77cm), number of grain/panicle (1010), 1000- grain weight (33.65g) and grain yield (4.46t/ha) were observed in grain sorghum.
Table 2. Plant height, yield and yield components of grain sorghum during rabi 2020-2021
Plant height of ratoon sorghum Plant height was differed at different fertilizer doses and harvesting times. The plant height gradually increased and reached the peak at harvest in all treatments (Fig.1). Higher plant height was observed in higher fertilizer doses when fodder was harvested 45 days after harvest of grain crop (H3) in all the treatments. However, the tallest plant was recorded in F1×H3 (N120P60K50 kg/ha × 45 DAH) treatment followed by F2×H3 (N96P48K40 kg/ha× 45 DAH) treatment and F4×H3 (N120 kg/ha× 45 DAH) treatment. The shortestplant was found in F5×H1 followed by F5×H2 andF5×H3 treatments. Fig.1.Plant height of ratooning sorghum as fodder influenced by nutrient management and harvesting time.
Leaf Area Index Leaf area index varied at different fertilizer doses and harvesting time. The LAI gradually increased and reached the peak at harvest in all treatments (Fig.2).All fertilizer doses produced higher LAI when fodder was harvested 45 days after harvesting of grain crop. However, the maximum LAI was recorded in F1×H3 (N120P60K50kg/ha × 45 DAH) treatment followed by F2×H3(N96P48K40 kg/ha× 45 DAH) treatment and F4×H3(N120kg/ha× 45 DAH) treatment. Higher LAI indicated better leaf area expansion, which might be helped in higher solar radiation interception for more dry matter production resulting higher green fodder yield. The lowest LAI was found in F5×H1 followed by F5×H2 andF5×H3 treatments.
Fig.2. LAI of ratooning sorghum as fodder influenced by nutrient management and harvesting time.
Chlorophyll content (SPAD value) The leaf greenness which indicated the leaf chlorophyll content was measured by SPAD meter.Chlorophyll content(SPAD value)varied at different fertilizer doses and harvesting time. SPAD value gradually increased up to harvest in all treatments (Fig. 3). All fertilizer doses produced higher SPAD value when fodder was harvested 45 days after harvesting of grain crop. On the other hand,SPAD value increases with the increase of fertilizer (especially nitrogen). However, the maximum SPAD value was recorded in F1×H3 (N120P60K50 kg/ha × 45 DAH) treatment followed by F4×H3 (N120 kg/ha× 45 DAH) and F2×H3 (N96P48K40 kg/ha× 45 DAH) treatment. Higher SPAD value indicated higherChlorophyll contentwhich might be helped to produce higher green fodder yield with good quality. The lowest SPAD value was found in F5×H1 followed by F5×H2 andF5×H3 treatments. Fig. 3. Chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of ratooning sorghum as fodder influenced by nutrient management and harvesting time.
Total dry matter production The yield of a crop is mainly determined by the accumulation of TDM. The pattern of TDM accumulation in sorghum was influenced by different fertilizer doses and harvesting time of fodder crop(Fig.3). The TDM accumulation was higher inhigher fertilizerdose when harvestedat 45 DAH. However, the maximum TDM was recorded in F1×H3 (N120P60K50 kg/ha × 45 DAH) treatment followed by F2×H3 (N96P48K40 kg/ha× 45 DAH) and F4×H3 (N120 kg/ha× 45 DAH) treatment. Higher TDM indicated higher production of green fodder yield. The lowest TDM was found in F5×H1 followed by F5×H2 andF5×H3 treatments. Fig.3.TDM accumulation of ratooning sorghum as fodder influenced by nutrient management and harvesting time.
Fodder yield Fodder yield of ratooning sorghum was significantly influenced by different fertilizer doses and harvesting time (Table 3). The highest fodder yield (28.70 t/ha) was recorded when cropwas receivedhigher dose of fertilizer F1(N120P60K50 kg/ha) and harvested atH3(45 DAH) 45 days after harvesting of grain crop.It was statistically similar with F2×H3 (N96P48K40 kg/ha× 45 DAH) treatment, F4×H3 (N120 kg/ha× 45 DAH)and F3×H3 (N72P36K30 kg/ha× 45 DAH) treatment. Higher green fodder yield was produced due to higher TDM, LAI and higher plant height. The lowest fodder yield (12.93 t/ha) was found in F5×H1 followed by F5×H2 andF5×H3 treatments. Similar result was reported by Azrag et al. (2015). They observed thatthe application of fertilizer 135 kg N/ha resulted in more plant height, more leaves number, more leaf area, more length of head, more weight of seed, more 100-seed weight and more grain yield in both season than the 90 kg N/ha, 45 kg N/ha and 0 kg N/ha, respectively.
Table 3. Fodder yield of ratoon sorghum as influenced by interaction of fertilizer dose and harvesting time during kharif season of 2021
Conclusion It was concluded that the fertilizer dose like N120P60K50 kg/ha, N96P48K40 kg/ha, N72P36K30 kg/ha and N120 kg/ha produced the higher and identical fodder yield of ratoon sorghum when harvested at 45 days after harvesting of grain crop.This was the result of first year experiment. The experiment needs to be repeated next year for confirming the results.
Reference
Azrag, A. A. D., Dagash, Y. and M .I. 2015. Effect of Sowing Date and Nitrogen Rate on Growth, Yield Components of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and Nitrogen Use Efficiency. Journal of Progressive Research in Biology (JPRB). 2(2):78-87.
BBS. 2019. Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics of Bangladesh-2018.Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Ministry of Planning. Govt. of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh.
Bean, B.W., Baumhardt, R.L., McCollum, F.T. IIIand McCuistion, K.C. 2013. Comparison of sorghum classes for grain and forage yield and forage nutritive value. Field Crops Research 142:20‒26. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2012.11.014
Dahlberg, J., Berenji, J., Sikora, V. and Latkovic, D. 2011. Assessing sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] germplasm for new traits: Food, fuels & unique uses. Maydica 56(2):85‒92. (Available at: https://goo.gl/oX2rLw).
Gill, J.R., Burks, P.S., Staggenborg, S.A., Odvody, G.N., Heiniger, R.W., Macoon, B., Moore, K.J., Barrett, M. and Rooney, W.L. 2014. Yield results and stability analysis from the sorghum regional biomass feedstock trial. Bioenergy Research 7:1026‒1034. DOI: 10.1007/s12155-014-9445-5.
Hassan, S.A., Mohammed, M.I. and Yagoub, S.O. 2015. Breeding for dual purpose attributes in sorghum: Effect of harvest option and genotype on fodder and grain yields. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science 7:101‒106. DOI: 10.5897/ JPBCS2015. 0498.
Krishnamurthy, L., Serraj, R., Hash, C.T., Dakheel, A.J. and Reddy, B.V. 2007. Screening sorghum genotypes for salinity tolerant biomass production. Euphytica 156:15‒24. DOI: 10.1007/ s10681-006-9343-9.
Manjunatha, S.B., Angadi, V.V., Palled, Y.B. and Hosamani, S.V. 2014. Nutritional quality of multicult fodder sorghum (CoFS-29) as influenced by different row spacings and nitrogen levels under irrigated condition. Research in Environment and Life Sciences 7:179‒182. (Available at: https://goo.gl/6O3YkS).
Sarfraz, M., Ahmed, N., Farooq, U., Ali, A. and Hussain, K. 2012. Evaluation of sorghum varieties/lines for hydrocyanic acid and crude protein contents. Journal of Agricultural Research 50:39‒47. (Available at: http://eprints.icrisat.ac.in/4
Vinutha, K.S., Anil Kumar, G.S., Michael Blümme and Srinivasa Rao, P. 2017. Evaluation of yield and forage quality in main and ratoon crops of different sorghum lines.Tropical Grasslands- ForrajesTropicales. 5(1):40–49 40 DOI: 10.17138/TGFT(5):40-49.
Willey R.W. 1990. Resource use in intercropping systems. Agricultural Water Management 17:215‒231.DOI: 10.1016/0378-3774 (90)90069-B
Yousif, B.M.1993. The Response of some sorghum cultivars to nitrogen fertilization at two sowing dates – thesis of Msc- University of Gezira – Faculty of Agricultural Sciences.
EFFECT OF SOWING TIME AND PLANT POPULATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHIA (SALVIA HISPANICA)
S.S. Kakon, M.A.K.Mian, M.R.Karim, A.A.Begum and D. A. Choudhury
Abstract The experiment was conductedat Agronomy research field of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur, during Rabi (winter) season of 020-21 to study the effect of yield and yie
7
Intercropping of Vegetables with Brinjal Intercropping is a traditional practice in Bangladesh and it increases total productivity per unit area through maximum utilization of land, labour and growth resources. By judicious choice of compatible crops and adopting appropriate planting geometry, inter/intra specific competition may be minimized resulting higher total productivity. Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable crop cultivated round the year throughout the country. It is tall structure, long duration (140-180 days) and widely spaced (80 cm × 60 cm) crop. Intercropping of different vegetables (red amaranth, spinach and bushbean) with brinjal was found economically profitable. Intercropping of Garden pea with Sorghum Sorghum is popularly known as 'Jowar' in Bangladesh and India. It is popular all over the world as food for humans and animals. Short duration vegetable like garden pea can be easily cultivated as intercrop with sorghum without sacrificing sorghum yield. Garden pea is a protein rich nutritious winter vegetable. It is commonly used in salads, fries and vegetables. Garden pea being a legume, atmospheric nitrogen is deposited in the root nodules by Rhizobium bacteria and then added to the soil. It maintains the fertility of the soil. In intercropping an additional crop could be grown and farmers are benefited financially. Crop productivity and cropping intensity will be increased. Cultivation of Garlic under Zero Tillage with Mulch at Coastal Area
About 53% of the coastal area of Bangladesh are affected by salinity. Agricultural land use in these areas is very poor and usually mono cropped area, cultivated local T.aman rice only. Land remains fallow after T.aman rice. Fallow land can be utilized through cultivation of garlic under zero tillage mulch condition. Crop productivity and cropping intensity will be increased. Farmer’s income also will be increased. BARI Roshun-4 was found suitable for coastal region. Cloves of garlic will be planted in muddy soil after harvesting of T.aman rice. One third of cloves will be dibbled into muddy soil maintaining 20 cm×10 cm spacing. Introduction of Mustard in Fellow-Boro rice Cropping Pattern at Chalanbeel Beel (Low land goes under water and remains under water about 4-5 months generally from July to November) areas covering an area of 2.43 million hectares in Bangladesh. Agricultural land use in these areas are less productive and remains fallow in most of the part of the year. The existing major cropping pattern at chalanbeel area is Fallow- Boro-Fallow. Land remains fallow in the rabi and kharif season. Fallow land can be utilized through cultivation of mustard (BARI Sarisha-14) after receding of water from the soil and it does not hamper the cultivation of Boro. Crop productivity and cropping intensity will be increased. Farmer’s income also will be increased. BARI Sarisha-14 was found suitable for chalanbeel area in Mustard-Boro cropping pattern. Agronomic Feasibility of Growing Chia in Bangladesh Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a very high value medicinal plant belongs to the Lamiaceae family, native to Mexico and Guatemala. It has attracted interest in recent years because the concentration of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and fiber in seeds is significantly higher than other important grains and cereals such as rice, oats, corn, wheat and barley. In addition chia proteins lack gluten being an alternative to celiac disease and a good source of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Chia contains omega?3 fatty acids, antioxidants and fiber, which contribute to delay cellular aging and prevent cardiovascular diseases. Chia is currently cultivated in Australia, Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, and Argentina. It grows naturally in tropical and subtropical environments. It is considered to be a short-day plant and grown between the 20 and 30 latitudes. The plant characterized by low water consumption and well adapted to arid and semiarid regions. These environmental conditions create hopes to grow Chia in Bangladesh as a new crop and would be a source of income for the farmers. Today its value as crop and food is so high and their cultivation and consumption are currently takes place in 30 countries in the world. The Chia’s demand is increased up to 200 % by 2020 and its sales are expected to reach 1.2 billion dollars. Chia seed is composed of proteins (15-25%), lipids (30-33%), fibers (18-30%), carbohydrates (26-41%), ashes (4-5%), minerals, vitamins. It contains a large number of antioxidants such as beta-carotene, tocopherol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and flavonoids. Another advantage of chia is seed is that it does not contain gluten. The chia oil has superior quality than other oils such as soybean oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil and olive oil as it concentrates higher percentage of fatty ?-linolenic acid. Asia Pacific is expected to register the fastest growth rate from 2019 to 2025 on account of increasing product consumption in countries, such as India, China, and Japan. Moreover, rising cases of lifestyle diseases, such as diabetes, blood pressure, and asthma, have resulted in increased demand for healthy snacks, which, in turn, will augment the regional market growth. Ideal for use in restaurants, coffee shops, bakeries, schools, hospitals, cafeterias, and many other foodservice outlets to prepare pastries, doughnuts, breads, empanadas, sandwiches, cakes, muffins, pays, among many other recipes. Introduce Chia for its high medicinal value and providing a good source of income to farmers there is a need to evaluate its cultivation as well as to develop appropriate agronomic management practices for higher growth and yield in Bangladesh. Since the cultivation is highly dependent on the environment to express its maximum agronomic potential, studies are needed to determine the factors that really affect the Chia yield. In this context, Agronomy Division of BARI has initiated some agronomic management studies to evaluate the feasibility of Chia cultivation in Bangladesh. Chia is a short duration crop (100-120 days) grown well from November to March. Considering the worldwide demand, Chia deserves a great attention due to the universal applicability of its products and derivatives. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
